The Last Bison Mac OS

Will leave, at last, no wilding on the earth To wonder at or love! With them had fled The bison-breed which overflowed the plains, And, undiminished, fed uncounted tribes. Its vestiges were here–its wallows, paths, And skulls and shining ribs and vertebrae: Gray bones of monarchs from the herds, perchance, Descended, by De Vaca first beheld. The first release of the new OS — Mac OS X Server 1.0 — used a modified version of the Mac OS GUI, but all client versions starting with Mac OS X Developer Preview 3 used a new theme known as Aqua. Aqua was a substantial departure from the Mac OS 9 interface, which had evolved with little change from that of the original Macintosh operating.

• The Last Bison Mac Os Update
• The Last Bison Mac Os Update
• The Last Bison Mac Os 11
• The Last Bison Mac Os Sierra

Devices and Mac OS X version

VLC media player requires Mac OS X 10.7.5 or later. It runs on any Mac with a 64-bit Intel processor or an Apple Silicon chip. Previous devices are supported by older releases.
Note that the first generation of Intel-based Macs equipped with Core Solo or Core Duo processors is no longer supported. Please use version 2.0.10 linked below.

If you need help in finding the correct package matching your Mac's processor architecture, please see this official support document by Apple.

Web browser plugin for Mac OS X

Support for NPAPI plugins was removed from all modern web browsers, so VLC's plugin is no longer maintained. The last version is 3.0.4 and can be found here. It will not receive any further updates.

Older versions of Mac OS X and VLC media player

We provide older releases for users who wish to deploy our software on legacy releases of Mac OS X. You can find recommendations for the respective operating system version below. Note that support ended for all releases listed below and hence they won't receive any further updates.

Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard

Use VLC 2.2.8. Get it here.

Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard

Fourth night download pc. Use VLC 2.0.10. Get it for PowerPC or 32bit Intel.

Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger

Mac OS X 10.4.7 or later is required https://mixerfree.mystrikingly.com/blog/tems-dongle-crack-for-for-pro.

Use VLC 0.9.10. Get it for PowerPC or Intel.

Mac OS X 10.3 Panther

QuickTime 6.5.2 or later is required

Use VLC 0.8.6i. Get it for PowerPC.

Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar

Use VLC 0.8.4a. Get it for PowerPC.

Mac OS X 10.0 Cheetah and 10.1 Puma

Use VLC 0.7.0. Get it for PowerPC.

Main Page - Current Development - Developer FAQ - Tools - Related Projects - Project Ideas - Summer Projects

Installation - Troubleshooting - User FAQ - HOWTOs - Samples - Models - Education - Contributed Code - Papers

This is a detailed installation guide for ns-3. Basic installation instructions can be found in the ns-3 tutorial (see Getting Started chapter).

• 1Supported platforms
  • 1.2Integrated development environment support
• 2Prerequisites
  • 2.1Linux
• 3Installation
  • 3.2Manual installation
• 4Building ns-3 with build.py
• 8Obsolete information

Supported platforms

ns-3 is primarily developed on GNU/Linux and macOS platforms, and the minimal requirements to run basic simulations are a C++ compiler; either g++ or clang++ compiler, and Python (version 3) interpreter. The below instructions are per-platform instructions for supplemental packages that enable optional features of ns-3 or companion tools.

Operating system and compiler support

ns-3 is supported and currently tested on the following primary platforms:

1. Linux (x86 and x86_64): gcc/g++ versions 4.9 and above
   1. Note: If you are using RHEL or Centos, you will likely need to install a more up-to-date compiler than the default; search for how to enable 'software collections' or 'devtoolset' on these distributions. Other Linux distributions typically have a suitable default compiler (at least version 4.9).
2. MacOS Apple LLVM: version 8.0.0 and above (version 7.0.0 may work)
3. FreeBSD and Linux (x86_64): clang/LLVM version 3.9 and above (older versions down to 3.3 may work)

The minimum Python version supported is currently version 3.5 or greater (major version 3).

By supported, we mean that the project tries to support most or all of the build options on these platforms unless there is a good reason to exclude the option; and at least the debug build will compile. If you intend to do serious work using ns-3, and are forced by circumstances to use a Windows platform, consider virtualization of a popular Linux platform or using Windows Subsystem for Linux.

The following platforms are lightly supported:

• Windows Visual Studio 2012 (presently being upgraded)

Some aspects of ns-3 depend on Unix (or specifically Linux) support, such as the emulation or TapBridge features, and those components are not enabled on the Windows or MacOS versions cited above.

Additional maintainers are invited to make more platforms, compilers and environments supported.

Integrated development environment support

Eclipse

The Eclipse IDE is not an officially supported platform, but some developers use it and have compiled a HOWTO.

NetBeans

NetBeans is not officially supported either, but there is a HOWTO as well.

QtCreator

Same rule applies to Qt Creator; it's not officially supported, but there are developers that use it and HOWTO is available.

Support for optional features

There are a few options that are not enabled by default and are not available on all platforms. At the end of the configuration process (explained below), the status of these options are shown as detected by a waf script:

Generally if the platform is missing some requirement for an option it is marked as 'not enabled.' Note that 'disabled by user request' will be shown when the user explicitly disables a feature (such as '--disable-python'); and if a feature defaults to disabled this will also be noted (e.g., option --enable-sudo not selected).

The table below is meant to help sort out the different features and on which platforms they are supported. This table reflects the status as of ns-3.15 and may have changed since then:

Key:Y = supported; N = not supported; ? = unknown; dev = support in ns-3-dev (next release)

Notes:

1. NSC works best with gcc-3.4 or gcc-4.2 or greater series. Try to avoid using gcc-4.0 and gcc-4.1 series; some build problems have been found with these versions of compilers.

Prerequisites

The core of ns-3 requires a gcc/g++ installation of 4.9 or greater (Linux), or a recent version of clang compiler (OS X, Linux, or BSD), and Python 3.5 or greater. As mentioned above, different options require additional support. This is a list of packages (for Debian/Ubuntu systems) that are needed to support different ns-3 options. Note that other distributions (e.g., Fedora, FreeBSD) may have different package names or capitalization (e.g. ImageMagik). Installation should be similar for Red Hat/Fedora based systems, with 'yum' replacing 'apt-get', but some differences exist, so below is a guide for both Ubuntu (should generally apply to Debian) and Fedora/RedHat-based systems:

Linux

CentOS

Note: CentOS version 6 series (currently 6.8) requires an upgrade of both gcc and Python to meet current ns-3 requirements. See these instructions if you need to upgrade: https://www.nsnam.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=2667#c1

The below instructions are based on a CentOS 6.6 install in November 2014; other RedHat/Fedora-based installs are likely similar.

• minimal requirements for C++ (release): This is the minimal set of packages needed to run ns-3 C++ programs from a released tarball.

• minimal requirements for Python (release): Python development headers are necessary to enable the Python bindings (for writing ns-3 programs from Python):

The following additional packages add functionality to the build or documentation.

• The netanim animator requires Qt5 development packages:

• Mercurial is needed to work with ns-3 development repositories.

• Doxygen and related inline documentation:

• The ns-3 manual and tutorial are written in reStructuredText for Sphinx (doc/tutorial, doc/manual, doc/models), and figures typically in dia:

• MPI-based parallel, distributed simulation support requires openmpi:

• To read pcap packet traces generated by ns-3

• Database support for statistics

• Xml-based version of the config store (requires libxml2 >= version 2.7)

• Support for utils/check-style.py style check program

• Support for openflowswitch requires libxml2, if not installed above

• Support for ns-3-pyviz visualizer

This is a bit more involved due to lack of package support in the standard repositories.

Some additional packages are needed (goocanvas and pygoocanvas). It is suggested to enable the RPMForge repo as described here: http://wiki.centos.org/AdditionalResources/Repositories/RPMForge. Then, try this:

Then obtain the RPM for pygoocanvas and pygoocanvas-devel from here: http://li.nux.ro/download/nux/dextop/el6/x86_64/

Or, if you prefer, build pygoocanvas from source code found here: https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGoocanvas

Note, if you perform this install successfully on a CentOS server that does not have a desktop installed (i.e. a CentOS 'minimal install'), you will still not be able to see pyviz enabled; you will see the configuration report:

because the Python gtk module opens the display upon import.

• Git is needed to fetch click modular routing and pygccxml

• An optional but recommended package (for improving some wireless model fidelity) is GNU scientific library:

• A GTK-based configuration system

• Debugging:

Ubuntu/Debian/Mint

The following list of packages should be accurate for Ubuntu 19.04 release; other releases or other Debian-based systems may slightly vary. Ubuntu 16.04 LTS release is probably the oldest release that is known to work with recent ns-3 releases.

Note: As of ns-3.30 release (August 2019), ns-3 uses Python 3 by default, but earlier releases depend on Python 2 packages, and at least a Python 2 interpreter is recommended. If working with an earlier release, one may in general substitute 'python' for 'python3' in the below (e.g. install 'python-dev' instead of 'python3-dev').

• minimal requirements for C++ users (release): This is the minimal set of packages needed to run ns-3 from a released tarball.

• minimal requirements for Python API users (release 3.30, 3.31, and ns-3-dev): This is the minimal set of packages needed to work with Python bindings from a released tarball.

• minimal requirements for Python (development): For use of ns-3-allinone repository (cloned from Git), additional packages are needed to fetch and successfully install pybindgen and netanim.

• Netanim animator: qt5 development tools are needed for Netanim animator; qt4 will also work but we have migrated to qt5.

• Support for ns-3-pyviz visualizer

• • For ns-3.28 and earlier releases, PyViz is based on GTK+ 2, GooCanvas, and GraphViz:

• • For Ubuntu 18.04, python-pygoocanvas is no longer provided. The ns-3.29 release and later upgrades the support to GTK+ version 3, and requires these packages:

• Support for MPI-based distributed emulation

• Support for bake build tool:

• Debugging:

• Support for utils/check-style.py code style check program

• Doxygen and related inline documentation:

• • If you get an error such as 'convert .. not authorized source-temp/figures/lena-dual-stripe.eps', see this post about editing ImageMagick's security policy configuration: https://cromwell-intl.com/open-source/pdf-not-authorized.html. In brief, you will want to make this kind of change to ImageMagick security policy:

• The ns-3 manual and tutorial are written in reStructuredText for Sphinx (doc/tutorial, doc/manual, doc/models), and figures typically in dia (also needs the texlive packages above):

Note: Sphinx version >= 1.12 required for ns-3.15. To check your version, type 'sphinx-build'. To fetch this package alone, outside of the Ubuntu package system, try 'sudo easy_install -U Sphinx'.

• GNU Scientific Library (GSL) support for more accurate 802.11b WiFi error models (not needed for OFDM):

If the above doesn't work (doesn't detect GSL on the system), consult: https://coral.ise.lehigh.edu/jild13/2016/07/11/hello/. But don't worry if you are not using 802.11b models.

• To read pcap packet traces

• Database support for statistics framework

• Xml-based version of the config store (requires libxml2 >= version 2.7)

• Support for generating modified python bindings

and you will want to install castxml and pygccxml as per the instructions for python bindings (or through the bake build tool as described in the tutorial). The 'castxml' and 'pygccxml' packages provided by Ubuntu 18.04 and earlier are not recommended; a source build (coordinated via bake) is recommended. If you plan to work with bindings or rescan them for any ns-3 C++ changes you might make, please read the chapter in the manual on this topic.

Note: Ubuntu versions (through 19.04) and systems based on it (e.g. Linux Mint 18) default to an old version of clang and llvm (3.8), when simply 'libclang-dev' and 'llvm-dev' are specified. The packaging on these 3.8 versions is broken. Users of Ubuntu will want to explicitly install a newer version by specifying 'libclang-6.0-dev' and 'llvm-6.0-dev'. Other versions newer than 6.0 may work (not tested).

• A GTK-based configuration system

• To experiment with virtual machines and ns-3

• Support for openflow module (requires libxml2-dev if not installed above)

Fedora/RedHat

The following list of packages should be aligned with recent Fedora releases; other releases may slightly vary. Note that these distributions sometimes change the package structure over time.

Important: If you are using RedHat or CentOS, either versions 6 or 7, the default compilers are too old to build recent ns-3 releases. You must upgrade gcc and g++ to a more recent version. See below.

Fedora and virtual machines

The Waf build system can use several GB of space on /tmp when building ns-3. Fedora and RedHat have chosen to mount /tmp on tmpfs, sized at half of the RAM by default. On a virtual machine, where possibly as little as 4GB of RAM may be configured, this will lead to a 2GB /tmp partition and the ns-3 build will fail with a message such as:

One workaround is to increase your tmpfs size, such as (as root user):

This resizing must be done upon each reboot, and you should ensure that you have a swap partition also configured.

Release-specific issues

• We do not support RHEL 6 or CentOS 6 anymore; nor do we support older versions of Fedora such as less than Fedora 30.

• RHEL 7 (and CentOS 7) use an older version of gcc (4.8.5) that is no longer compatible with ns-3 releases. An upgrade of gcc is needed; see these instructions on installing a devtoolset (such as devtoolset-7) if you need to upgrade: http://blog.stevedoria.net/20180214/how-to-install-gcc-7-on-centos-7

Required and optional packages

• minimal requirements for C++ (release): This is the minimal set of packages needed to run most of ns-3's C++ programs from a released tarball.

• minimal requirements for Python (release): This is the minimal set of packages needed to use Python bindings from a released tarball.

• Git is needed to work with ns-3 development repositories.

• An optional but recommended package (for improving some wireless model fidelity) is GNU scientific library:

• Support for netanim animator:

• A GTK-based configuration system

Prior to ns-3.29, use GTK+ version 2:

Starting with ns-3.29, use GTK+ version 3:

• Debugging:

• Doxygen and related inline documentation:

• The ns-3 manual and tutorial are written in reStructuredText for Sphinx (doc/tutorial, doc/manual, doc/models), and figures typically in dia:

• To read pcap packet traces

• Database support for statistics framework

• Xml-based version of the config store (requires libxml2 >= version 2.7)

• Support for utils/check-style.py style check program

• Support for MPI distributed simulations

Steve Smith notes that the shell must be restarted after environment-modules package is installed, since environment-modules modifies the bash initialization scripts to enable the module command. Then, to find the programs mpic++ and mpiexec, one must do:

and then the commands should be found by the shell:

• Support for openflowswitch requires libxml2, if not installed above

• Support for ns-3-pyviz visualizer (ns-3.28 release and earlier)

• Support for ns-3 pyviz visualizer (ns-3.29 release and later)

• Support for generating modified python bindings

and you will want to install castxml and pygccxml as per the instructions for python bindings (or through the bake build tool as described in the tutorial). If you plan to work with bindings or rescan them for any ns-3 C++ changes you might make, please read the chapter in the manual on this topic.

• Support for bake tool:

macOS

macOS installation of ns-3 relies on the Xcode command line tools provided by Apple, and the clang/llvm compiler used therein. A third-party package manager such as Homebrew can be used for optional extensions to ns-3 such as libxml2.

The current version of macOS is 'Catalina' (10.15) and the version of Xcode is 11.2, as of this writing.

If you are having problems with ns-3.29 and macOS, please look at the Errata page for some hints, or consider to use the development version (ns-3-dev) of ns-3 which should work now. ns-3.30 is not know to have macOS issues.

The main steps to follow to prepare your macOS machine for a base ns-3 install (Xcode tools, and Python) are as follows:

1. Download and install Xcode Command Line Tools (most recently tested version 11.2) from the App Store, or the full Xcode.
   1. If you installed full Xcode, you still need to type `xcode-select --install` to obtain the command line tools.
   2. You will also have to agree to Apple's license agreement to proceed; type 'sudo clang -v' in a terminal window to take this step.

At this point, you will likely be able to compile the main C++ libraries. The current macOS Catalina release ships with a basic Python 3 interpreter (version 3.7.3) which is enough to run the Waf build system but not much else. To use Python bindings or other Python features, a fuller install of Python is recommended. Visit https://www.python.org/downloads/mac-osx/ to download a Python 3 release (recommended), or else, if you prefer, use Homebrew or some other package manager to install a Python development environment.

The Last Bison Mac Os Update

At this point, you should be able to use ns-3 in C++ or Python programs. The following options are available to add some additional libraries for more ns-3 features. In general, a third-party installer like Homebrew or MacPorts is needed:

1. Recommended for Mojave users (for better Homebrew compatibility), install the legacy headers package found at: /Library/Developer/CommandLineTools/Packages/macOS_SDK_headers_for_macOS_10.14.pkg. We are not sure whether this is available for Catalina (10.15).
2. If you wish to use the NetAnim animator, you must install Qt5 (although Qt4 version also works with current releases).
3. If you wish to use mercurial, you must install it. Follow the instruction in the mercurial web site. MacPorts and Homebrew are possible package managers to accomplish this.
4. If you wish to use the GTK-based ConfigStore GUI, we recommend homebrew: if you install Gtk+3 using homebrew, you must install gtk+3. You must install also 'adwaita-icon-theme' (not installed by default), or you'll miss elements in the Gtk views

.Note to Anaconda users: If you have installed Anaconda, you may encounter a build problem such as:

This can be worked around by configuring Waf to use the system Python instead of the Python version provided by Anaconda. At the Waf configuration stage, try:

When using build.py, the argument can be passed as follows:

See: issue 2778 in the ns-3 tracker for more information.

Windows

For Windows 10, there are two main options. Both involve using a Linux environment from within Windows. ns-3 is not compatible with the Windows Visual Studio compiler and IDE (there have been a few efforts to add Visual Studio support, but they have been abandoned).

1. . Install a Linux virtual machine (e.g. using Hyper-V, VMware, etc.).
2. . Windows offers a Windows subsystem for Linux, providing an Ubuntu-like environment. From within this environment, one can follow the Ubuntu installation guide and obtain most ns-3 features.

Below is some other older (possibly out-of-date) information regarding Windows:

• We provide HOWTO documents describing the process for installing Linux and getting ns-3 running using two popular virtualization products: VirtualBox (HOWTO use VirtualBox to run simulations on Windows machines) and VMware (HOWTO use VMware to set up virtual networks (Windows)).
• There is an experimental project, Ns3 on Windows, using Visual Studio 2012.

Installation

Installation with Bake

Bake is a new tool for installing, building and finding out the missing requirements for ns-3 in your own environment.

To use Bake you need to have at least Python (2.7 or above) and Git in your machine (see the section Prerequisites above to see how to install these).

First you need to download Bake using Git, go to where you want Bake to be installed and call

It is advisable to add bake to your path.

After that you can use Bake to find the missing packages, download build and install ns-3 and its modules.

To find out what is missing in your system and may be needed for installing ns-3 you can call bake check:

You should have seen something like:

Before downloading and building ns-3 you need to configure bake to inform it which are the modules you want added to ns-3, the standard distribution for example.

Then to see the modules it has added, and the specific system requirements for this configuration, you can call bake show:

To download the modules, build and install you can call bake deploy

This will download the selected modules, all their dependencies and build ns-3 with all these independent modules. You can also perform this installation step by step, i.e. by calling download and build in different steps.

Manual installation

The ns-3 code is available in Mercurial repositories on the server http://code.nsnam.org (look for the latest release e.g., 'ns-3.26'). You can download a tarball of the latest release at http://www.nsnam.org/releases or you can work with our repositories using Mercurial. We recommend using Mercurial unless there's a good reason not to (See the end of this section for instructions on how to get a tarball release).

The simplest way to get started using Mercurial repositories is to use the ns-3-allinone environment. This is a set of scripts that manages the downloading and building of various subystems of ns-3 for you. We recommend that you begin your ns-3 adventures in this environment as it can really simplify your life at this point.

Downloading ns-3 Using Git

One practice is to create a directory called repos in one's home directory under which one can keep local Git repositories. If you adopt that approach, you can get a copy of ns-3-allinone by typing the following into your Linux shell (assuming you have installed Git):

As the git command executes, you should see something like the following displayed,

After the clone command completes, you should have a directory called ns-3-allinone under your ~/repos directory, the contents of which should look something like the following:

Notice that you really just downloaded some Python scripts and not yet the C++ code. The next step will be to use those scripts to download and build the ns-3 distribution of your choice.

If you go to the following link: https://gitlab.com/nsnam/ you will see a number of repositories. Many are the private repositories of the ns-3 development team. The repositories of interest to you will be prefixed with ns-3. Official releases of ns-3 will be numbered as ns-3.release.hotfix. For example, a second hotfix to a still hypothetical release nine of ns-3 would be numbered as ns-3.9.2 on this page.

The current development snapshot (unreleased) of ns-3 may be found at https://gitlab.com/nsnam/ns-3-dev/. The developers attempt to keep these repository in consistent, working states but they are in a development area with unreleased code present, so you may want to consider staying with an official release if you do not need newly-introduced features.

You can find the latest version of the code either by inspection of the repository list or by going to the Getting Started web page and looking for the latest release identifier.

To download the most recent release (assuming it is ns-3.30 in this case), type the following into your shell (remember you can substitute the name of your chosen release number, or omit specifying it to download the tip of ns-3-dev)

After download process completes, you should have several new directories under ~/repos/ns-3-allinone:

Go ahead and change into ns-3.30 under your ~/repos/ns-3-allinone directory. You should see something like the following there:

You are now ready to build the ns-3 distribution.

Downloading ns-3 Using a Tarball

The process for downloading ns-3 via tarball is simpler than the Mercurial process since all of the pieces are pre-packaged for you. You just have to pick a release, download it and decompress it.

As mentioned above, one practice is to create a directory called repos in one's home directory under which one can keep local Mercurial repositories. One could also keep a tarballs directory. If you adopt the tarballs directory approach, you can get a copy of a release by typing the following into your Linux shell (substitute the appropriate version numbers, of course):

If you change into the directory ns-allinone-3.30 you should see a number of files:

You are now ready to build the ns-3 distribution.

Building ns-3 with build.py

The first time you build the ns-3 project you should build using the allinone environment. This will get the project configured for youin the most commonly useful way.

Change into the directory you created in the download section above. If you downloaded using Mercurial you should have a directory called ns-3-allinone under your ~/repos directory. If you downloaded using a tarball you should have a directory called something like ns-allinone-3.13 under your ~/tarballs directory. Type the following:

The Last Bison Mac Os Update

You will see lots of typical compiler output messages displayed as the build script builds the various pieces you downloaded. Eventually you should see the following magic words:

Once the project has built you typically will not use ns-3-allinone scripts. You will now interact directly with Waf and we do it in the ns-3-dev directory and not in the ns-3-allinone directory.

Configuration with Waf

To see valid configure options, type ./waf --help. The most important option is -d . Valid debug levels (which are listed in waf --help) are: 'debug' or 'optimized'. It is also possible to change the flags used for compilation with (e.g.):

or, alternately, the gcc compiler

Note: Unlike some other build tools, to change the build target, the option must be supplied during the configure stage rather than the build stage (i.e., './waf -d optimized' will not work; instead, do

The resulting binaries are placed in build//srcpath. For example, in a debug build you can find the executable for the first.cc example as build/examples/first. You can debug the executable directly by:

Of course, you can run gdb in emacs, or use your favorite debugger such as ddd or insight just as easily. In an optimized build you can find the executable for the first.cc example as build/examples/ns--first-optimized.

In order to forcibly disable python bindings, you can provide the following option:

In order to tell the build system to use the sudo program to set the suid bit if required, you can provide the following option:

To start over a configuration from scratch, type:

Or if you get stuck and all else fails:

followed by changing back into ns-3-allinone and doing:

will basically reset your build state.

To see all waf options:

Validating

ns-3 has unit tests that can be run to verify the installation:

which should produce output like:

Using Python

See this page.

The Last Bison Mac Os 11

Troubleshooting

See this page.

The Last Bison Mac Os Sierra

Obsolete information

Older versions of ns-3, prior to 3.15, supported using cygwin to run on Windows platform.

Windows

There are three basic options for Windows support:

1. We provide HOWTO documents describing the process for installing Linux support and getting ns-3 running using two popular virtualization products: VirtualBox (HOWTO use VirtualBox to run simulations on Windows machines) and VMware (HOWTO use VMware to set up virtual networks (Windows)).
2. There is an experimental project, Ns3 on Windows, using Visual Studio 2012. For support on Visual Studio 2010 see ns-3 on Visual Studio 2010
3. Cygwin has been supported in the past: gcc 3.4.4 (debug only), gcc 4.3.2 (debug and optimized). Note, however, that there are limitations with regard to Python bindings, and that Real-time simulator, Emulated Net Device, Tap Bridge and Network simulation cradle are not supported.

An alternative Windows platform is MinGW. There are maintainers who attempt to keep a subset of ns-3 running on MinGW, but it is not 'officially' suppported. This means that bugs filed against MinGW will be addressed as time permits.

Cygwin can sometimes be problematic due to the way it actually does its emulation, and sometimes interactions with other Windows software can cause problems. If you do use Cygwin or MinGW; and use Logitech products, we will save you quite a bit of heartburn right off the bat and encourage you to take a look at the MinGW FAQ.

Search for 'Logitech' and read the FAQ entry, 'why does make often crash creating a sh.exe.stackdump file when I try to compile my source code.' Believe it or not, the ``Logitech Process Monitor`` insinuates itself into every DLL in the system when it is running. It can cause your Cygwin or MinGW DLLs to die in mysterious ways and often prevents debuggers from running. Beware of Logitech software when using Cygwin.